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Here are the main ways to express desire and intention, using たい (tai), ほしい (hoshii), and つもり (tsumori):

• 1. Expressing Desire to Do Something (たい)

The たい form is used when you want to express a desire to perform an action. It is formed by adding たい to the stem of a verb. Here’s how you conjugate it:

- For なりたい (naru - "to become" + "tai"): - Dictionary form: なる (naru) - Stem: なり (nari) - たい form: なりたい (naritai) - Example: 医者になりたい (Isha ni naritai) - "I want to become a doctor."

• 2. Expressing Desire for Something (ほしい)

The word ほしい is used to express a desire to have something. It follows a noun and is used similarly to how we use "want" in English:

- Example: 新しい車がほしい (Atarashii kuruma ga hoshii) - "I want a new car." - Note: The object of desire is marked with the particle が (ga).

• 3. Expressing Intention (つもり)

The word つもり is used to express one’s intention or plan to do something. This usually follows the verb in its dictionary form (plain form):

- Example: 日本に行くつもりです (Nihon ni iku tsumori desu) - "I intend to go to Japan."

• Combining Forms

You can also combine these forms to express more complex desires and intentions:

- Example: 明日、映画を見に行きたいです (Ashita, eiga o mi ni ikitai desu) - "I want to go and watch a movie tomorrow." - Example: 来年、留学するつもりです (Rainen, ryūgaku suru tsumori desu) - "I intend to study abroad next year."

• Politeness Levels

- Informal: You can use these forms directly with close friends or family. - Example: 旅行に行きたい (Ryokou ni ikitai) - "I want to go on a trip." - Formal: Add です (desu) to make it more polite. - Example: 旅行に行きたいです (Ryokou ni ikitai desu) - "I want to go on a trip."

• Practical Tips

- Be mindful of the context when expressing desires or intentions; it's a reflection of your politeness and respect for social hierarchies.

- Use 〜たい and ほしい to talk about your own desires, but be careful when speaking about others' desires, as it can sound presumptuous. Instead, use expressions like 〜たいと思っている (〜tai to omotte iru, "I/they are thinking they want to...") for a softer tone.

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What are some interesting things you can tell me about Expressing desire and intention (using たい, ほしい, つもり)?

In Japanese, expressing desire and intention can be done in several ways, and understanding these structures can really enhance your communication skills. Here’s a breakdown of each:

### 1. たい (tai)

➜ Usage: This suffix is attached to the stem form of a to express a desire to do something.

- Formation: Verb stem + たい

- Example: 食べる (taberu, "to eat") becomes 食べたい (tabetai, "want to eat").

➜ Nuances:

- It is commonly used in the first person (e.g., "I want to...") or when asking someone else what they want to do (e.g., "Do you want to...?").

- It can sound presumptive if used directly about someone else's desires without their expressed input.

• 2. ほしい (hoshii)

➜ Usage: This adjective is used to express a desire for something, i.e., to want an object or a situation.

- Formation: Noun + が/を + ほしい

- Example: 車がほしい (kuruma ga hoshii), meaning "I want a car."

➜ Nuances:

- It is often used for tangible objects or conditions.

- For verbs (i.e., wanting someone else to do something), a construction like 〜てほしい (te hoshii) is used: 行ってほしい (itte hoshii, "I want

to go").

• 3. つもり (tsumori)

➜ Usage: This noun is used after a plain verb form to express intention or a plan to do something.

- Formation: Verb (plain form) + つもり

- Example: 勉強するつもり (benkyou suru tsumori) means "I intend to study."

➜ Nuances:

- It can denote a strong intention or plan and is used to discuss future actions.

- It is more about what you are planning or intending to do rather than what you desire to happen.

➜ Comparison:

- たい vs. ほしい: While たい is used for verbs, expressing a desire to perform an action, ほしい is used with nouns, expressing a desire to have something.

- たい vs. つもり: たい expresses a desire, mostly emotionally driven, while つもり conveys a more thought-out plan or intention.

- ほしい vs. つもり: ほしい often relates to desire for objects or other people’s actions, whereas つもり details personal plans or intentions.

Understanding these differences helps in appropriately communicating what you want and plan to do, aligning better with social norms and expectations in Japanese.

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How do these expressions differ in written versus spoken Japanese?

In written versus spoken Japanese, expressions of desire and intention (using たい, ほしい, and つもり) can differ in formality and usage. Here’s how they vary:

• たい (tai)

- Spoken Japanese: This form is very common and conversational. It’s frequently used in everyday interactions and informal situations. For example, you might say "映画を見たい" (Eiga o mitai, "I want to watch a movie") with friends or family.

- Written Japanese: In more formal writing, especially in essays or professional contexts, たい is less common unless conveying direct thoughts or dialogue. Instead, writers might use more formal structures or alternative expressions to convey desire, such as using verbs in the form of expressions of volition or planning.

• ほしい (hoshii)

- Spoken Japanese: Similarly, ほしい is widely used in casual conversations to express wants straightforwardly. It’s appropriate for daily exchanges and among peers, like saying "新しいスマホがほしい" (Atarashii sumaho ga hoshii, "I want a new smartphone").

- Written Japanese: In formal writing, the word choice might change to reflect a more polite or indirect way of expressing desire, especially if the desire involves someone else. More narrative or literary contexts might use different constructions or more complex sentence structures to express similar sentiments.

• つもり (tsumori)

- Spoken Japanese: Often used to convey plans or intentions during conversations. It's more neutral in tone compared to たい or ほしい, and can be used both in casual and somewhat formal spoken contexts, such as "明日からダイエットするつもり" (Ashita kara daietto suru tsumori, "I intend to go on a diet starting tomorrow").

- Written Japanese: It remains suitable for written text and can appear in both personal writing and formal documents. However, for very formal documents, you might encounter even more polite or indirect expressions of intention.

• Overall Differences:

- Formality: Written Japanese often favors more formal, polite, or indirect expressions compared to the directness in spoken language. This reflects the overall practice in Japanese of adjusting language to suit social contexts. - Complexity: Written language might employ more complex grammatical structures to convey nuances of desire and intention, often aiming for more clarity and detail. - Contextual Appropriateness: In writing, especially in fiction or diaries, you might find these expressions used similarly to spoken form when representing dialogue or internal monologue to capture authentic voice and tone.

In summary, while spoken Japanese relies on these expressions in their straightforward forms, written Japanese often opts for more formal or varied structures to align with the context's requirements for politeness and clarity.

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How do cultural norms influence the preference for indirect expressions of desire in Japanese?

Cultural norms in Japan significantly influence the preference for indirect expressions of desire, reflecting broader societal values. Here are some key factors:

• 1. Politeness and Humility (謙遜 ken-son):

- Japanese culture places a high value on politeness and humility. Being too direct about one's desires can be perceived as selfish or rude. Using indirect language allows individuals to express themselves while maintaining social harmony and showing respect.

• 2. Group Harmony (和 wa):

- Maintaining group harmony, or "wa," is essential in Japanese society. Direct expressions of desire might disrupt this harmony by asserting personal wants too strongly. Indirect expressions help to avoid conflict and ensure smooth interpersonal relations.

• 3. Context and Ambiguity:

- Ambiguity and context play crucial roles in communication. By being indirect, speakers allow listeners to interpret their desires within the context, reducing the likelihood of imposing on others or creating discomfort.

• 4. Vertical Society and Hierarchy:

- In a society with steep hierarchies, being indirect, especially when expressing desire towards superiors, shows deference. A subordinate might favor softer language to express needs without overstepping social boundaries.

• 5. Non-verbal Communication:

- Japanese communication often relies on non-verbal cues and implicit understanding. An indirect approach often invites the listener to "read the air" (空気を読む kuuki wo yomu), anticipating and understanding desired outcomes without explicit statements.

• 6. Indirect Expression Techniques:

- Using conditional or hypothetical forms (e.g., "If possible…")

- Phrasing thoughts as questions or opinions rather than direct statements (e.g., "I think it would be nice if...")

- Ending sentences with ellipses or softeners to imply rather than state.

Overall, these cultural norms emphasize the importance of context sensitivity and interpersonal awareness, preferring subtlety and nuance over straightforward declarations. By using indirect language, speakers can navigate social interactions gracefully, aligning with Japanese cultural values that prize collective over individual expression.