• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy
• http://www.healingcancernaturally.com/chemotherapy-cancer-treatment.html
• Chemotherapy Heals Cancer and The World Is Flat
• colorectal cancer tumor marker (CEA)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may be found at elevated levels in people with different types of cancer, but it is most often associated with colorectal cancer. Read more about CEA and other tumor markers for gastrointestinal cancers.

KRAS (pronounced kay-rass) is a gene that is changed, or mutated, in 30% to 40% of colon tumors. ASCO recommends that people with colon cancer that has spread outside the colon to other areas of the body should have a test to find out if the tumor has mutations in the KRAS gene. The test helps predict the patients that benefit from specific drugs.

Questions to ask the doctor

Consider asking the following questions of your doctor:

What tumor marker tests do you recommend for me? Which ones have you already performed?

How are these tests performed? How often should I have them?

Can you explain the test results?

If I have abnormal levels of a tumor marker, what does that mean? How does it affect my treatment?

For cancer survivors: How is this tumor marker test used for my follow-up care?