- Istanbul, Turkey - Probably from Medieval Greek for "to the city" (pronounced "is tim bolin"). Alternatively evolved from its earlier name Constantinople, or from from Turkish words for "plenty of Islam" ("Islambol") or "find Islam" ("Islambul")
- Moscow, Russia - Likely derived from the Moskva River, which might have gotten its name from Finno-Ugric people who called the river Mustajoki (meaning "black river" ), or from Proto-Balto-Slavic muzg-, meaning "wet"
- London, United Kingdom - Unknown meanings. Possibly from Celtic londinjon (meaning something like a "a place that periodically floods" ). Numerous other theories: from Welsh "Llyn din" (meaning "lake fort", though very unlikely), from the Belgae townships of Limé, Douvrend or Londinières, from Common Brittonic Loondonjon, Lonidonjon, Lundonjon, Lundein or Lundyn, which would all be derived from "Plowonidonjon" or Insular Celtic "Lowonidonjon", both meaning something like "settlement by river too wide to ford". More theories: from Ligurian root lond-/lont-, meaning "mud" or "marsh", from King Lud, who named the town after himself, from Brythonic "lhwn" (meaning "grove" or "town" ), from Hebrew "lan-dan" (meaning "abode of Dan", after the Tribe of Dan). Many more fanciful and mythologic explanations exist.
- Saint Petersburg, Russia - Named after the apostle Saint Peter, originally in a Dutch manner as Sankt-Pieter-Burch.
- Berlin, Germany - Possibly from Old Polabian berl-/birl-, meaning "swamp". -in is a Germanised place name suffix of West Slavic origin.
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