a music genre rooted in 60s garage rock. punk bands rejected the perceived excesses of mainstream 70s rock. they typically produced short, fast-paced songs with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often shouted political, anti-establishment lyrics. punk embraces a diy ethic: many bands self-produced recordings and distributed them through independent record labels.

• reference artists:

ramones, sex pistols, the clash, dead kennedys, buzzcocks, billy idol.