- paranoid personality is characterized by mistrust, interest in secret motives, irritability and discontent, fault-finding, feelings of being treated unjustly and of being oppressed, and excessive evaluation of the self (Kraepelin E. Manic Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. New York: Arno Press; 1921.)
- on the case of Schreber, who exhibited paranoid delusions, Freud theorized that paranoia is an externalizing defense against unconscious homosexual wishes
- anxiety about homosexual urges as a cause of paranoia, but theoretical work has preserved the idea of paranoia representing an outward projection of inward conflict. These have varied from shame [74] to an intolerance to indifference [75]. Otto Kernberg classified PPD as a subtype of borderline character pathology, a “lower order” level of character organization characterized by minimal super-ego integration, excessive aggressive drives
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