Objective(50 points): The student must define or describe each of these terms (2points) and explain why each term is important to U.S. History (3points.

Beringia

Define: 1,000 feet wide land bridge that connected Asia-Siberia to North America.

Important: A migration route that attracted Ice Age mammals and hunters-gatherers that followed the mammals.

Anasazi

Define: An ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners of the United States.

Important: Living a communal village life in Pueblos and growing maize in irrigated terraced fields.

The Pueblo

Define: Ancient communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States of America living in communities and apartment like structures made of mud.

Important: With the women making pottery they were able to store and prepare food. The fertility and population rises due to less breast feeding.

The Iroquois

Define: Are a league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people of North America. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas.

Important: Farming corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers. Formed a confederacy to eliminate warfare/Political Organization. Matrilineal. Iroquois women represented the apex of female political power.

Arawaks

Define: The indigenous peoples of the West Indies. The first tribe encountered by Christopher Columbus.

Important: They knew how to plant crops to provide soil nutrition and prevent soil erosion.

Virgin Soil Epidemics

Define: Describes a situation where a population that has no immunities comes into contact with an infectious disease for the first time, the population has no history of contact with that disease and are largely defenseless against it.

Important: Between 1492-1700 70% of the population of native peoples was wiped out making it easier for colonization.

Colombian Exchange

Define: The large scale exchange of people, plants, animals, and goods.

Important:

Frontiers of Inclusion/Exclusion

Define:

Important:

The Fur Trade

Define:

Important: The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact between European-Americans and the native peoples of what is now the United States and Canada. Trade was a way to forge alliances and maintain good relations between different cultures.

Jamestown

Define: Was a settlement in the Colony of Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

Important: Tobacco was the cash crop and stimulated migration and economy.

Mercantilism

Define: The idea that colonies should complement and supplement, but not compete with, the economy of the mother country.

Important:

Indentured Servitude

Define: Impoverished young people, seeking opportunities unavailable in the Old World, bound themselves in a legal document to masters for fixed periods of time, usually between 4-7 years, exchanging their labor for their passage to the colonies and their keep.

Important: 3/4 of the migrants were indentured servants.

The African Slave Trade

Define: Refers to the historic slave trade within Africa. All western European nations participated.

Important: Slavery allowed expansion of cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Define:

Important:

Anne Hutchinson

Define:

Important:

Salem Witch Trials

Define: Were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693.

Important:

The French and Indian War

Define: Seven Year's War 1754-1763 Indians fighting with the French against Great Britain. Great Britain won.

Important:

The Stamp Act

Define: 1765 Required stamps on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, and other printed matter. The tax was to help pay for the "7 Years War".

Important: Many colonists considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent or representation. It set off the first protests and thoughts of "liberty".

The Boston Tea Party

Define: A political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston protesting the tea tax. On December 16, 1773 a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor.

Important: The Boston Tea Party was a key event in the growth of the American Revolution. Shortly after the protesters held the First Continental Congress.

Common Sense 1776

Define: Is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of seeking independence was still undecided.

Important:Sold more than 100,000 copies within months. Reshaped popular thinking and put independence squarely on the agenda.

Declaration of Independence

Define: The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.

Important: It has come to be considered a major statement on human rights throughout the world.

Battle of Yorktown

Define: In 1781 it was the last major battle in the Revolutionary War with the British surrendering.

Important: Resulted in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which ended the American Revolutionary War.