developmental psychology ↴

continuity and stages

• what parts of development are gradual and continue and what parts change abruptly in separate stages

stability and change

• stability marks one's personality as one ages

cognition

• all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering, and commuting

schema

• concepts or framework that organizes and interprets information people use and adjust their schemas

assimilation

• adapts their pre-existing schema

accommodation

• encounter new info, make a new schema
• assimilate experience onto something
• accomodate the schema by separating into different categories

piaget's stages of a child's development: ↴

sensorimotor

• birth → 2 yrs.
• experiencing their world through sense (all senses)
• object permanence *develops* in this stage

pre-operational stage

• 2 → 7 yrs.
• representing things w words + imgs; uses intuitive rather than logical reasoning
• egocentrism: lack of understanding of others' pov

concrete operational stage

• 7 → 11 yrs.
• thinking logically: performing arithmetical operations
• conservation: properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shape.

formal operational stage

• 12 yrs. → adulthood
• moral reasoning develops (typically)
• abstract reasoning: "if _ happens, then _ will happen"
• can hypothesies what consequences can come from certain actions

infancy and childhood: social development

there are four main parenting style: ↴

• authoritarian - coercive (low response / high demand)
• permissive - unrestraining (high response / low demand)
• neglectful - uninvolved (low response / low demand)
• authoritative - confrontive (high response / high demand)

outcomes of these parenting styles: ↴

• authoritarian: lower social skills + self-esteem
• permissive: more aggressive + immature
• negligent: poor academic + social outcomes
• authoritative: highest self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, and competence