substances cause long term effects

withdrawl the symptoms and feelings when substance use is cut abruptly

some stats!

• 9% of all teens and adults in the us display substances abuse and dependence
• american indians - highest rates of consumption 15.5%
• longest amongst Asian Americans 3.5%
• only 11% receive treatment from a mental health professional
• close to 24% of all highschool seniors have ise an illegal substance

stimulants

• raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body
  • (cocaine, caffeine, amphetamines)

depressants

• slow the activity in the central nervous system (CNS)
  • (alcohol, opioids, sedatives)

hallucinogens

• alter perception, thoughts and feelings
  • (LSD, peyote, psylocibin, cannabis)

stimulants

coca plant used by indigenous south emrican populations

• 1.9 mil current users
• taken via snorting
• HIGH risk of overdose
• linked to suicide
• respirtaoty center - stimulated at first, then slows down quickly during the come down and even stops

depressants

• reduces inhibitions and tensions
• may interfere with judgment motor, activity, and concentration

top 3 used

• alcohol
• sedative hypnotic drugs
• opioids

the world health org estimates around 2 billion people worldwide consume alcohol

so why do people drink?

• social lubricant
• conformity/social norms
• expectations/to have fun
• cope/self medicate
  • this changes over time, varies across contexts, and are not mutually exclusive

all alcholholc bev contains ethyl alcohol

• absorbed into the blood through stomach lining

effects of ethyl alcohol

• the exytent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by its prop in the blood (BAC)
• depends on weight, sex, drinks consumed, time since consumption

there's nothing to do to metabolism alcohol

• so drinking water, eating food, etc. doesn't actually help

sex has a big effect on BAC

• females become more intoxicated than males on equal doses of alcohol
• females have less alcohol dehydrogenase
• binge drinking 4 or more drinks in a 2 hour timeframe for women (5 for men)

problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to impairment at least 2 of the following during the past 12 months

• alcohol taken in large amounts
• persistent desire or failed attempts to cut down
• sig time obtaining using, recovering from effects
• craving
• continued use despite issues arrousing (interpersonal problems)
• important social, occupational, recreation activities are given due to the alcohol use
• use in situations that areohysically hazardous
• continued use despite persistent or recurrent phsyical or psychological problems due to use
• tolerance
• withdrawl

personal and social cost of alcohol use disorder

• physical health damaged liver
• long term excessive drinking can cause nutritional issues
• drinking alcohol during pregnancy
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

operant conditioning play a key role

• temporary reduction of tension produce by drug = rewarding effect
• increases the likelihood that te use will use again
  • didnt get all the notes***

treatment

• motivational interviewing (MI)
  • there is a motivation for alcohol use - asking about the reasons why one drinks can help us help them
• impatient treatment [r.ehab]
• underlyng causes [trauma, anxiety]
• medication [eg. antabuse for AUD or methadone for OUD]
• 12-step programs [eg. AA, NA]

notes from the video

• only ethyl alcohol is safe for cosumption
• has to be converted into something else because it's toxic to us
• NAD present in our cells, goes down as we age
• converted to acetaldehyde incredibly toxic; kills many cells which is converted into acetate
• if your body cannot convert the alcohol in time, the acetaldehyde stays in your body and builds up
• damages your liver everytime you drink
  • empty calories, though alcohol gives you some source of energy, there is no nutritional value but the metabolic process of alcohol is costly on your body
• alcohol goes straight to the brain as there are no barriers from it
• goes to all parts of your brain as alcohol is non discrmnant, but goes towards the parts of your brain that's involved in thinking and suppresion of impulsive thoughts and actions
• top-down inhibition - releasing GABA