PSYCH 326

exam next Wednesday 9/25/24

• what are your hobbies and ambitions; singing, dancing
• goals and motivations in life; helping people
• what excites and upsets you; coffee in the morning (a pick me up), inconsistency/lack of organization
• family dynamic growing up; four siblings two older and two younger
• biggest fears; heights, spiders
• if you were to describe yourself in 3 words, what would they be; calm, friendly

clinical assessment tools clinical interviews, tests, and observations

reliability

• the consistency and dependability of a measure
• will it mean the same every time i use it
  • inter-rater reliability
    • (or "interobserver reliability")
  • internal consistency
    • (or "inter-item reliability")
    • split-half reliability
      • (5 to sad emotions, 0 to happy)
  • test-retest reliability
    • alternate forms of reliability
      • (self assessment match up with prev. answers)

! significantly different answers are a cause for concern

validity

• quality and accuracy of the measure
• does the measure assess what we intend it to measure

discriminant validity --- construct validity ---

face validity lacks a fpr scientific basis

content validity does the capture the entire construct

• not measurable
• items have sufficient breadth to capture the full range of a construct

construct validity

• convergent validity
  • the scores on a measure are found to be stat. created tp scores on other measures designed to qualify the same conceptual value

discriminant validity

• the extent to which scores on a measure are found to be stat unrelated to scores on other measures designed to assess different conceptual variables

test different traits using the same method scores should not be related

criterion validity

• the extent to which test scores agree with an objective criterion that is logically related to the measure
  • is our self-report measure of drinking statistically related to lab tests of blood alcohol concentration
• self-report measure shows criterion validity

criterion

concurrent validity

• selected "objective" criterion and measure to be validated are assessed at the same time
  • before breathalyzers were common cops relied on behavioral tests

predictive validity

• measure to be validated is compared to criteropm that occurs later in time
  • sat measure predicts college gpa, if so it shows criterion validity and will be used to make admissions decisions

protective tests

• getting a read via vague and ambiguous tests and exercises

Rorschach ink blot test:

• two men facing each other holding a bag and sticking their but out, butterfly in the middle and some fairy on the side
• two birds on a tree or a big bug
• a guy sitting on a throne with his boots panning upward

thematic

• scenes and asking what the client sees or what is happening

PSYCH 215

grouped data can only be used for nominal or categorical data

the count is the # of times the number was seen or documented

5-10 intervals is the grouping (ex. volcanoes 0-9)

ordinal values can be ranked (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)

histogram

• interval or ratio
• continuous data
  • which is why the bars touch

distribution shapes

• normal distribution
  • bell-shaped
  • symmetrical
  • unimodal curve

modes most frequent category or score

skewed distribution one of the tails of the distribution is pulled away from the center

positive

• the positive has the tail face the right above the average
• may represent floor effects (more variability at the top and less at the bottom; clustered at certain points)

negative

• has the tail face on the left less than the average
• may represent ceiling effects (due to cut off of variable ex. being GPA which is typically cut off at 4)

mode most frequent category or score

outline

• scatterplots depiect the relationship between two continuous variables; are there corelations
  • there may be no relation between scale variables depicted as random dots
  • linear relation a relation between variables that depict a straight line
  • nonlinear relation a relation between variables that means the line has breaks and curves in some way.
• line graphs shows the strength between the two correlation between the two variables and whether or not it is a positive or negative correlation
• bar graphs include categorical data; not touching, can depict frequency
  • nominal IV and continuous DV
• pie charts chart in the shape of a circle
  • every category has a slice!
  • slice of each slice represents the proportion/%
  • difficult to make direct comparisons between two pie charts

pareto graph axis is ordered highest to lowest

• positive correlation - (╱) slope
• negative correlation - (╲) slope