generalized anxiety disorder

• excessive anxiety + worry occurring more days than not
• > 6 months in duration
• difficulty managing those anxieties
• has to cause significant distress, impairs daily functioning
• not attributable to effects of substances or other medical conditions

GAD is most likely to develop in people with less access to social determinants of health

Ellis identified basic irrational assumptions

• dire necessity for an adult t to be loved and approved of
• catastrophic when things are not the way one would like them to be

maladaptive assumptions contribute to GAD

Aaron Beck

• a situation/person is unsafe until proven safe
• you should always assume the worst

the cognitive perspective

metacognitive theory

• _most problematic assumptions in GAd are the individual's worrt about worrying (meta-worry)

intolerance of uncertainty theory

• certain individuals consider it unacceptable that negative events may occur even if the possibility os very slim they worry in an effort to find correct solutions

avoidance theory

• developed by Borkovec, holds that worrying serves a positive function for those with RAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal

cognitive therapies

• changing maladaptive assumptions
  • ellis's rational-emotional therapy (RET)
    • point out irrational assumptions
    • suggest more rational ones
    • assign them homework to change their way of thing when anxiety and worry thoughts arise_

early queue detection recognizing early signs of anxiety conceptual model of GAD

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀↙ problematic relationship with their internal experiences ↘

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀↗ experiential avoidance ↔ behavioral avoidance/constriction ↖

avoiding our anxiety worsens it in the long run, especially when during the avoidance period, there are negative and harmful coping mechanisms at play

PSYCH 215

Central tendency

statistical measure _single value that accurately describes the center f the distribution

• a single score that is the best.most representative or descriptive of all scores in a distribution
  • summarizes or condenses a large set of data into one value
• compares 2+ sets by comparing the average scores (central tendencies)

mean the average (arithmetic average)

• does not apply to nominal, ordinal or categorical data
• add all scores together and then divide the number of total scores present

number, used for, symbol, pronounced

statistic, sample, M or X bar, "m" or "x bar"

parameter, population, μ, mew

*average can be found in continuous, interval, and ratio sets!!!

colors, months, and years in college - nominal, categorical, and discrete

adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing each score in a distribution by a constant will cause the mean to change by the constant ex. curving a test grade by adding 5 points to everyone's test scores

median

• middle score of the scores in a sample when the scores are arranged in ascending order from smallest to largest
• the midpoint of the list
• divides the scores so that 50% of the scores in the distribution have values that are equal to or less than the median
• applies to categorical data as long as it can be ordered (ordinal)
• 2 3 3 6 7 8 9

med: 6

• 0 1 2 3 4 8 8 9

med: 3 + 4 = 7/2 = 3.5

the median is used for skewed distributions when a data set includes a score or group of scores that fall substantially above (pos skewed) or below (neg skewed) other scores

the median is not influenced by the value of outliers

mode

• defined as the most frequently occurring category or score in the distribution
• in a bar it would be the highest bar, seeing as it has the highest frequency
• only mode of central tendency that applies to nominal
• can be used for all scales of measurement; ordinal, interval, ratio, and nominal

bimodal distribution to have more than one mode

bimodal: 2 modes

multimodal: more than 2 modes

mean and median are always equal in a symmetrical distribution

if a symmetrical dis has one mode, the mode, mean and median will have the same value

skewed distribution

in a skewed distribution, the mode will be located at the peak on one side and the mean will be displaced toward the tail on the other side; median is usually between the mean and mode

range

• measure of the lowest score to the highest

variance

• avg square deviation from the mean

standard deviation

• variation from the sample mean

Interquartile Range

Measure of the distance between the first and third quartiles (middle50% of data)

• The median marks the 50th percentile of a data set.
• 1st quartile: 25th percentile of a data set
• The median of all scores below the median is first quartile (Q1)
• 3rd quartile: 75th percentile of a data set
• The median of all scores above the median is the third quartile (Q3)

range greatly affected by outliers

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑿 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 − 𝑿 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 Variance

• Average square deviation from the mean

Variance

• Average square deviation from the mean