Chapter 8: Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism Know what is energy and the two basic forms of energy. potential and kinetic

Understand that energy can be converted from one form to another, but is not created or destroyed. yes

The laws of thermodynamics apply to all living organisms. Be able to explain first and second laws of thermodynamics.

• energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and it applies to all living things.
• not 100% of energy is used

What is free energy? How about the concept of entropy? Remember that systems tend towards disorder. Know that free energy is usable energy in a biological system while the unusable energy is entropy. What are the two components of metabolism? Do you know the differences between both? Understand the concept of free energy (G) and the change in free energy (ΔG) Know that an exergonic reaction releases free energy and has a negative ΔG. Understand that an endergonic reaction consumes/ requires free energy and has a positive ΔG. What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate) made up of and its role? How are ADP and AMP made? Are these processes exergonic or endergonic? Know about coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions. Understand that hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy -> exergonic reaction. What are enzymes? Are they highly specific and what binds to the active site of enzymes? What determines the specificity of the enzyme? How do enzymes affect the rates of biological reactions? Know that activation energy is required to initiate reactions. What is the state where reactants are in a reactive mode? Know that enzymes do not change the ΔG of a reaction and the final equilibrium. The rate of chemical reaction is determined by the energy barrier. What are the three mechanisms that an enzyme may use when catalyzing a reaction? Be able to explain each briefly. List the environmental conditions that enzymes can be regulated by. Know that inhibitors regulate enzymes. What are inhibitors? There are two types of inhibition: irreversible inhibition and reversible inhibition. Know the difference of how inhibitors bind to enzymes in irreversible inhibition and reversible inhibition. What are the different types of reversible inhibition? What is allosteric regulation? What does an active form of an enzyme mean? What about an inactive form of an enzyme? Know that regulation of enzymes helps maintain internal homeostasis. What is feedback inhibition? Know that it is a common mechanism for metabolic enzyme regulation.