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• amino acid sequence determines protein structure
• shape determines the function of proteins
• environmental changes affect proteins

peptide bonds in a protein

• the first amino acid is the N terminus H-N
• last amino acid is C terminus C-OH

amino acids hydrophobic

• in the interior of the protein

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• condensation reactions put these bonds together
• peptide bonds in proteins
• glycosidic in sugars
• the primary structure of a protein is the original sequence of amino acids
• the sequence determines secondary and tertiary level
• C to N pattern
• secondary structure due to the orbitals
  • an alpha helix - right-handed coil from hydrogen binding between N-H groups on one amino acid and C=O on another
• hydrogen bonding between neighboring amino acids
  • beta pleated sheet = two or more polypeptide chains are aligned (not neighboring amino acids); hydrogen bonds form between the chains not the ones next to each other
• tertiary structure
• bending and folding result in a macromolecule with a 3D shape
• what affects a tertiary - the R group
• disulfide bridge - cystine (2) lock together
• hydrogen bonds
• aggregation of hydrophobic side chains (clusters)
• ionic attractions

when a protein is heated and the secondary and tertiary structure breaks down, it has been denatured

quaternary structure - fully folded proteins binding together to make a bigger structure

• hydrophobic interactions, van der waals, ionic

ferritin forms a hollow shell that stores iron from food collagen forms structural support (flexible triple helix_ widely used throughout -

• hydrogen van affects the hydrogen and ionic bonds within proteins so pH can affect protein structures

shape changes of protein:

• when proteins interact with other molecules an enzyme changes shape when to comes into contact with substrate
  • sends a message
• covalent mod
  • addition of a chem group to an amino acid

nucleic - polymers - condensation reactions

• used for storage, transmission, and use of genetic info
• nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acids
• nucleoside consists of only a pentos sugar and nitrogen-containing base

lipids - insulation