Regular Verbs

base -s form past past participle -ing form notes

call calls called called calling clean cleans cleaned cleaned cleaning

look looks looked looked looking 1 talk talks talked talked talking 1

end ends ended ended ending 2 wait waits waited waited waiting 2

kiss kisses kissed kissed kissing 3 wash washes washed washed washing 3

live lives lived lived living 4 love loves loved loved loving 4

beg begs begged begged begging 5 sin sins sinned sinned sinning 5

play plays played played playing stay stays stayed stayed staying

cry cries cried cried crying 6 studies studied studied studying 6

die dies died died dying tie ties tied tied tying

Notes:

• Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /p, s, k, f/ sounds
• Pronunciation differences in past/past participle after /t, d/ sounds
• Spelling and pronunciation differences in -s form after /s, sh, ch, z/ sounds
• Dropping of "silent e" with -ing endings
• Doubled consonants after "short" vowel sounds
• Spelling differences when "y" is preceded by a consonant

Irregular Verbs

< td>< td> base -s form past past participle -ing form

cut cuts cut cut cutting fit fits fit fit fitting hit hits hit hit hitting let lets let let letting put puts put put putting quit quits quit quit quitting set sets set set setting shut shuts shut shut shutting split splits split split splitting upset upsets upset upset upsetting

burst bursts burst burst bursting cast casts cast cast casting cost costs cost cost costing* hurt hurts hurt hurt hurting

spread spreads spread spread spreading

knit knits knit/knitted knit/knitted knitting

sit sits sat sat sitting spit spits spat/spit spat/spit spitting

begin begins began begun beginning swim swims swam swum swimming

ring rings rang rung ringing sing sings sang sung singing spring springs sprang sprung springing

cling clings clung clung clinging fling flings flung flung flinging sling slings slung slung slinging sting stings stung stung stinging swing swings swung swung swinging wring wrings wrung wrung wringing

hang hangs hung/hanged** hung/hanged hanging

drink drinks drank drunk sinking shrink shrinks shrank shrunk shrinking stink stinks stank stunk stinking

think thinks thought thought thinking bring brings brought brought bringing

buy buys bought bought buying seek seeks sought sought seeking fight fights fought fought fighting

catch catches caught caught catching teach teaches taught taught teaching

creep creeps crept crept creeping keep keeps kept kept keeping sleep sleeps slept slept sleeping sweep sweeps swept swept sweeping weep weeps wept wept weeping

bleed bleeds bled bled bleeding breed breeds bred bred breeding feed feeds fed fed feeding flee flees fled fled fleeing lead leads led led leading speed speeds sped/speeded sped/speeded speeding

meet meets met met meeting

bend bends bent bent bending lend lends lent lent lending send sends sent sent sending spend spends spent spent spending

deal deals dealt dealt dealing feel feels felt felt feeling kneel kneels knelt knelt kneeling

dream dreams dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed dreaming mean means meant meant meaning

spill spills spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spilling

build builds built built building

burn burns burnt/burned burnt/burned burning

hold holds held held holding

sell sells sold sold selling tell tells told told telling

find finds found found finding grind grinds ground ground grinding wind winds wound wound winding

break breaks broke broken breaking choose chooses chose chosen choosing freeze freezes froze frozen freezing speak speaks spoke spoken speaking steal steals stole stolen stealing wake wakes woke woken waking weave weaves wove woven weaving

arise arises arose arisen arising drive drives drove driven driving ride rides rode ridden riding rise rises rose risen rising write writes wrote written writing

bite bites bit bitten biting hide hides hid hidden hiding slide slides slid slid sliding

get gets got gotten getting forget forgets forgot forgotten forgetting

give gives gave given giving forgive forgives forgave forgiven forgiving forbid forbids forbade/forbad forbidden forbidding

fall falls fell fallen falling

swell swells swelled swollen swelling

dive dives dove/dived dived diving

blow blows blew blown blowing fly flies flew flown flying grow grows grew grown growing know knows knew known knowing throw throws threw thrown throwing

draw draws drew drawn drawing withdraw withdraws withdrew withdrawn withdrawing

show shows showed shown showing

eat eats ate eaten eating

beat beats beat beaten beating

take takes took taken taking forsake forsakes forsook forsaken forsaking mistake mistakes mistook mistaken mistaking shake shakes shook shaken shaking

make makes making

swear swears swore sworn swearing wear wears wore worn wearing tear tears tore torn tearing bear bears bore born bearing

stand stands stood stood standing understand understands understood understood understanding

become becomes became become becoming come comes came come coming run runs ran run running

dig digs dug dug digging spin spins spun spun spinning stick sticks stuck stuck sticking

strike strikes struck struck/stricken striking

do does did done doing go goes went gone going

have has had had having

hear hears heard heard hearing

lay lays laid laid laying pay pays paid paid paying say says said said saying

lie lies lay lain lying

light lights lit/lighted lit/lighted lighting

lose loses lost lost losing

leave leaves left left leaving

prove proves proved proven/proved proving

read reads read read reading

see sees saw seen seeing

sew sews sewed sewn/sewed sewing

shave shaves shaved shaven/shaved shaving

shine shines shined/shone shined/shone shining

shoot shoots < td> shot shooting

win wins won won winning

be is/are/am was/were been being

• "Cost" does not usually occur in the -ing form.
• * "hang" has two different meanings and thus two usages in past/past participle