Romanticism - 19th century movement emphasizing emotion and imagination

• ✔ Victor Hugo
• ✔ Lord Byron
• ✔ Mary Shelley
• Washington Irving

Gothic - romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural and in violence.

• Ann Radcliffe
• Bram Stoker
• Horace Walpole

Transcendentalism - 19th-century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance and independence from modern technology

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• ✔ Walt Whitman

Dark Romanticism - finds man inherently sinful and self-destructive and nature a dark, mysterious force.

• ✔ Edgar Allen Poe
• Nathaniel Hawthorne

Realism - based on a simplification of style and image and an interest in poverty and everyday concerns

• ✔ Mark Twain
• Henry James
• ✔ Leo Tolstoy

Stream of Consciousness - early-20th century fiction consisting of literary quotidian representations of thought, without authorial presence.

• ✔ Virginia Woolf
• James Joyce
• William Faulkner

Modernism - encompassing primitivism, formal innovation, or reaction to science and technology.

• Ezra Pound
• Gertrude Stein
• ✔ T.S. Elliot
• Fernando Pessoa

The Lost Generation - a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression.

• ✔ Ernest Hemingway
• ✔ F. Scott Fitzgerald

Stridentism - Mexican artistic avant-garde movement. They exalted modern urban life and social revolution.

• Manuel Maples Arce
• Arqueles Vela
• Germán List Arzubide

Harlem Renaissance - African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore.

• Langston Hughes
• Zora Neale Hurston

Surrealism - originally a French movement, influenced by Surrealist painting, that uses surprising images and transitions to play off of formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind.

• Jean Cocteau
• André Breton

Beat Poets - American movement of the 1950s and 1960s concerned with counterculture and youthful alienation.

• Jack Kerouac
• ✔ Allen Ginsberg
• William S. Burroughs

New York School - urban, gay or gay-friendly, leftist poets, writers, and painters of the 1960s

• Frank O' Hara
• John Ashbery

Magical Realism - literary movement in which magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances. Most often associated with the Latin American literary boom of the 20th century

• ✔ Gabriel García Márquez
• Octavio Paz
• Günter Grass