Native Japanese speakers verbalize a situation based on their observational point of view, which is different than that of native English speakers. As a result, native English speakers learning Japanese cannot verbalize the same situation in the same way as a native Japanese speaker. Verbalized sentences from native English speakers learning Japanese sound unnatural to native Japanese speakers. Likewise, verbalized sentences 39 from native Japanese speakers can be difficult for native English learning Japanese to understand. In such cases, the observational point of view can affect the role of the speaker ‟s and listener‟s responsibilities in Japanese and English. These different observational points of view lead to different situation construal in English.

Erina Romanowich (2013)