Gao Xuan of the Kaifeng Jewish community in Ming dynasty China, who rescued the Torah scrolls from the water when the synagogue catastrophically flooded in 1642
The discovery of phosphorous by German alchemist and Thirty Years War veteran Hennig Brand: "Phosphorus must have been awe-inspiring to an alchemist: it was a product of man, and seeming to glow with a 'life force' that did not diminish over time.... Brand kept his discovery secret, as alchemists of the time did, and worked with the phosphorus trying unsuccessfully to use it to produce gold."